علم الزمن والوقت
#Time_Science_Studies
No. 01
After a long research in different libraries and examining various research thesis and studies which share the same gateway into the concept of Zaman (time), I collected a number of sciences which have a close link with time programming, whether in terms of its nature or methodology. Then, I classified them in a list that excluded the sciences that deal with aspects of time that are not human-related. Such as: the metaphysics time, the mathematics time, physics time..etc. or any other science that treats the human-related time away from time programming gateway.
Some of these sciences are:
= Time management science.
= Sociology of leisure.
= Leisure education.
= Time budget.
= Sleep and insomnia studies.
= “Circadian science”
Sociology of Leisure:
“Sociology of Leisure” is one of the branches of sociology. It’s stated by many contemporary specialists that leisure is the outcome of the modern industrial society (1). “It is a natural result of the religious institution’s inability/unwillingness to attract man in his daily life. It is also an announcement of the end of “the industrial revolution” age, which linked the man to the machine in most of his day times for more than a century.
We can say that sociology of leisure represents a real cultural revolution, as it has changed completely the
relationship man with himself, others and the surroundings (2); therefore, it is said that sociology of leisure is the father of contemporary philosophy (3).
There are verity of definitions of leisure time, with unanimity that “leisure” descends from the Latin word “Licere” (4) meaning to be free from the constraints of work, employment or commitments” (5).
We chose two semantic definitions that we deem appropriate to our research:
First: free time means the time when the individual is free from the constraints of work, whether daily, weekly or annually” (6).
Second: the remaining time after the time spent on work, sleep and other necessary activities during the 24 hours of the day (7).
In order to set an accurate account of leisure, we have to explain several concepts; mainly: the concept of work, the concept of rest, the concept of freedom, the concept of work time, the concept of rest time and the concept of free time..etc. Every concept of these has its intellectual and philosophical dimensions, which generated radical differences in its scope (8).
Sociology of leisure tackles anything that has to do with free time, such as:
- History of leisure time.
- Ways of investing in it.
- Its impact on education.
- Its impact on work and the impact of work on it.
- Life stages and leisure time.
- Gender (male or female) & leisure time.
- Leisure & social systems.
- Leisure & cultural values.
- Leisure industry (leisure economy, leisure business) etc.
It is important to note that research and studies carried out in the field of sociology of leisure barely exist and unknown in the Arab world, despite the fact that they are well spread and taught in the advanced industrial countries’ universities and academic centers (9). Hence, it can be said that the first Arabic works, as writings, in the field emerged in the early 1980’s (10).
There is no doubt that time programming and sociology of leisure share an inclusive relationship; because leisure is part of the day, which needs to be well-planned and well-programmed in order to be applied in the right time after having been determined its definition, its duration and its types..
The main problematics that may have dominated in this endeavor is the problematic of classifying “worship time”, is it to be considered as part of leisure time? Is it to be related to working time? Or does it need to be completely independent? It is noted that current studies underestimate the importance of religious practices and classify them as the last thing to do during free time … and most of the time, ignore them or even neglect them.
Furthermore, what is the definition of leisure in the Holy Qur’an, in Nobel Sunnah and in the Islamic heritage? Is it the same concept used in this science? Are there any differences between them?
These questions manifest the relationship between sociology of leisure and time programming, which we may hopefully be able to answer some in our research. Arguably, we may also be unable to answer them, then they should be subject to further specialized studies, whether by us or by other researchers.
1 – Muhammad Ali Muhammad: Leisure Time in the Modern Community, a research in sociology; al Maaref al Jameia publishing house, Alexandria, Egypt; 1981, P51.
2 – Sue Roger: Temps et ordre social, ed. Puf, le sociologue, France, Ire ed: 1994, P111
.3 – It was a quote by the philosopher Hobbes, look Muhammad Ali: the same source, P5.
4 – Sue Roger: Temps et ordre social, P112.
5 – Darwish Kamel and Al Hamahimi Muhammad: Sports Entertainment in the Contemporary Community; university student’s library, Makkah, 1408A.H./1987, P23.
6 – Badwi: Glossary of Labor Terms; P227.
7 – Muhammad Ali: Leisure Time in the Modern Community, P94 and Dr. ATTIET: Free Time and Recreation; al Maaref publishing house, Cairo, ed. of 1990, P17. 8 – Leif Joseph: Temps Libre Temps a Soi, L’enjeu éducatif et culturel: ed. ESF. France, 1984. pp13 – 32.
9 – Ihsan Muhammad Al-Hasan: al-Faragh wu Mushkilat Istithmarihi = Leisure and the Issues pertaining to its investment; Taliaa publishing house, Beirut, ed. Of 1986: 1; P5,6.
“Sue” points that today it is possible to talk about a Canadian school of leisure sociology, the same thing in Italy and Switzerland. However, in France, there is somehow lack of studies in the field. It is noted that “the Canadian team of leisure sociology publishes a specialized international scientific journal entitled “Leisure and Society” in Quebec university printing house, Sue: Temps et Ordre Social” P115.
10 – Ihsan Muhammad Al-Hasan (1986) stated that his research is the first work ever written in Arabic language” – the previous source; P6 – however, his research was proceeded by Dr. Muhammad Ali’s with at least one year and we were not able to know the first research written about the topic.
Written by: Dr. Mohammed Babaammi
Translated by: Toufik Achour
Reviewed by: Omar Bouchelaghem
