علم الزمن والوقت
After a long research in different libraries and examining various research thesis and studies which share a temporal approach (time), I have highlighted a number of sciences that are closely linked to time programming, whether in terms of their nature or method. Then, I classified them in a list that excluded the sciences related to non-human sides of time, such as: metaphysics time, Mathematics Time, physics time etc. As well as those related to any human science topic tackled away from time programming points of view.
Some of these sciences are:
- Time management science.
- Sociology of leisure.
- Recreational education.
- Time budget.
- Sleep and insomnia studies.
- Chronobiology.
Time Budget:
Time budget is one of the most important contemporary human sciences and the first study ever made about time budget analysis carried out in 1922 in the Soviet Union under the supervision of Mr. Mullen “sociology professor”, based on the studies of the statistical scientist “Nemov” (1).
Time budget is a daily record designed to allow people to record their daily tasks during their regular waking hours (2) for data collection and statistical purposes.
Therefore, it is a quantum process based on statistics, which represents an effective method for sociology of leisure, recreation, time management ….. including all field time studies (3), in particular motion measurement and development of time in the contemporary human’s daily life.
The book written by Grossin Williams entitled “Les Temps de la Vie Quotidienne = Daily Life Time” (4) is a living model for time-budget-based research for social endeavor, which is a field survey issued to a group of workers aged between 20 and 65 years old about their relation, perspectives and attitudes with time, according to their age, gender, financial situation and type of occupation.
These sciences were developed in the West and became one of its main characteristics (5). However, in the Arab world, this research, which need advanced sciences and developed technologies, are seldom carried out in the Arab and Islamic universities and libraries; Dr. ATTIET Muhammad Khattab said “Until 1990, there was no scientific study that analyzed time budget in Republic of Egypt” (6).
Time programming researchers in the field of time budget will certainly learn from the conclusions reached by previous researchers including accurate statistics to use as a response to some opinions about the distribution of tasks over time, for instance: values scale in the contemporary communities, analyzing purposes, goals and priorities, determining how much sleep you need –statistically- decreasing or increasing daily working hours…
I don’t know, whether it is possible or not in the future, based on the automatic analysis of the Holy Qur’an, authentic Nobel Sunnah, the life of companions or followers –for instance- to attain statistical or even partial results using time budget approaches in the relation with time, appointments, work, free time and sleep …?
1 – The Same Source, P225.
2 – Muhammad Ali: Free Time in the Modern Community; P110.
3 – Sue: Temps et Ordre Social, p30
4 – Grossin William: Les temps de la vie quotidienne: ed. Mouton, Paris, 1974.
5 – In France –for instance- the specialized center (INSEE) makes continuous research about time budget “therefore, such research provide research valuable information about how to deal with time from quantity perspective, as well as the urgent changes and developments” bearing in mind that France is not a leading country in this field. Look: Sue: Temps et ordre social, p126
6 – ATTIET: Free Time and Recreation; P 226.
Translated by Toufik Achour.
